Bilateral IJV compression in neutral position... next step?

Hi All,

Been having weird and escalating symptoms for over two years now. I believe it started with a compression flexion neck injury doing Jiu Jitsu in November 2023.

I had some neck issues from a prior whiplash type injury in high school so I was used to getting intermittent stiffness and spasms in my neck but nothing that was ever much of an issue. When I had my neck popped forward this time, I knew immediately it was going to cause a flare.

It was inflamed and painful for about 6 so I trialed chiro and PT, neither of which were helping. It was around the 8 week mark that I started noticing what I described as helicopter turbulence in my head/ears when I laid down at night.

I started seeing a myofascial PT for a more gentle type of therapy and the pain and ear sounds resolved fairly quickly. I went back to my normal life unconcerned about it.

About 8 months later I started noticing brain fog that seemed like it was building day after day and crescendoed in an episode while driving that, at the time, I thought was a mini stroke. I started getting tingling on the left side of my body and thought I was going to pass out. An ER visit at the time was unremarkable and they chalked it up to dehydration or something.

Again, I returned to normal for about a month and then I began having more and more brain fog, trouble concentrating and a feeling of being overwhelmed when shopping in large stores or driving. Started having mini versions of these stroke like episodes where my body would start buzzing, it was very hard to concentrate and a feeling I was going to pass out.

I started having trouble sleeping, constant anxiety that I never had before and started noticing when I’d wake up in the morning I had internal trembling, shaking and a sense that my movements were off.

Activities that used to relax me - hot epsom salt baths, sauna, float tanks - all of sudden made me shake and buzz.

At the time, it never crossed my mind that it had anything to do with my neck and doctors started doing all the usual stuff… full cardio workup, brain MRI, EEG, EMG, EKG, neurologist referral, DAT scan, bloodwork, autonomic testing, ENT and MRA, etc with everything returning normal and three neurologists including movement disorder saying I didn’t have anything neuro going on but at least conceding that this isn’t just essential tremor.

I noticed over time that one of the reasons I couldn’t sleep or was waking up all night was that the helicopter vibration was back in my head at night and has continued to get worse, louder and more disturbing, seemingly by the day.

I think one of the things that really worked against me was my symptoms were more internal and couldn’t be visualized. I would tell the doctors I had intense shaking, especially when waking up in the morning, but on exam they would say I appear totally normal very maybe a very fine tremor if anything but nothing they would prescribe medication for or anything like that.

I saw Dr. Hauser’s videos on YouTube, which I know many of you are familiar with, and that led me to finding a local (Iowa) chiropractor for a DMX. My DMX was the first thing ever to come back positive, saying I have cervical instability in the C4-C6 area and likely craniocervical instability at C1-2. Both indicative of the type of injury I sustained. The chiro mentioned my atlas was shifted forward and to the right, which again matches my injury.

Upper cervical adjustments did not help my symptoms at all but the chiropractor noted on my brain MRI that I had jugular vein obstruction, even though Mayo clinic never noted it. I didn’t fully believe it so I went to Florida and had a dynamic CTA/V done.

Sure enough, the radiologist noted “Calcification involving the right styloid ligament with effacement of the AP diameter of the internal jugular vein between anterior aspect of the C1-2 transverse process decreasing the AP diameter to 2 mm.”

This is in neutral position. When I turn to the right, the jugular opens to 8.7 mm and when turning to the left it opens to 6 mm.

Similarly, the left side is closed to 3.5 mm with noted calcified stylohyoid ligament and C1-2 transverse process. The left side opens to 8.9mm when turning to the right and 11mm when turning to the left.

The doctor in Florida who ordered my CTA recommended I drop my images off to one of the hospital interventional radiologists he works with. I did so and that radiologist actually personally called me, which seems to never happen, and suggested I come in for a catheter venogram.

I was so glad to have someone finally recognize that I might have a serious issue. However, by the time he called I was already back in Iowa and wasn’t sure about making another trip out there and was hesitant to just have another test.

Unfortunately, back home, my chiropractor didn’t seem overly concerned with the jugular compression and had nothing but bad things to say about styloid removal. Mayo clinic seemed dumbfounded when I brought it up with them and they said I don’t show any evidence of CCI and I definitely don’t need a neck surgery. They did agree to give me an MRV but at that point I didn’t trust them to continue my care.

So, here I am with escalating symptoms and it’s been such a rollercoaster I don’t know if this bilateral compression is really the source of my issues or if I have some undiagnosed neurological disorder or if it’s more CCI.

Since my symptoms seem to be worse when lying down and peak during the night, I think it’s more likely the IJV compression than the CCI, though I know they can be related.

I went to Centeno Schultz and had one round of ePICL and PRP and while I’m still early in the recovery (10 weeks), I’ve seen zero relief of symptoms and in many ways I’m worse than baseline, which has me now thinking more about surgery.

Centeno seems to frown on styloid removal as well, saying it might exacerbate CCI. I’m not saying he said that regarding my case, that’s just what I take from his youtube videos.

I have already reached out to Dr. Hepworth and luckily he is only a 10 hour drive from me. However, the soonest appointment with his nurse practitioner is in late August with possible surgery dates going out past the new year. I asked if they would send me for a venogram or ultrasound tests prior to the August appointment but they said they cannot.

I am interested in Dr. Nakaji as well and like that he is a neurosurgeon, but he is much further away and I’m concerned traveling back home post surgery will be more of an issue. And after spending $900 for Hepworth’s consult, I’m not sure I want to do $2500 for another consult, though I certainly would if I need to.

My local ENT did tell me he doesn’t think there is anyone in my area who can handle IJV obstruction but he was okay referring me to University of Iowa. I have an initial consult with an ENT there in two weeks but they also told me their styloid surgeries are booked out until February and I don’t know if they have any familiarity with vascular eagles. Maybe they can at least order me the venogram.

Here is a picture of my right C1/styloid and I’m happy to share as much of my imaging as anyone wants to see.

One of my big questions is, does it seem more like my C1/2 is the issue or is it the styloid. Because Centeno would say its the C1 sliding that is causing the problem but I also don’t have a clear answer from them that tightening the ligaments alone will pull my C1 off the the vein and nerves.

Also, the radiology report didn’t mention anything about the size of my styloids, just that they are calcified so that leaves me unsure whether my styloids are the cause or the C1, though I realize it’s a combo of both.

Any feedback/advice is greatly appreciated and thank you for welcoming me to this forum!

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Hi & welcome!
Firstly, we’ve had quite a few members who have tried the PICL/PRP treatments, but they rarely help, when the styloids are causing vascular compression or irritating nerves, then the only real cure is to have the styloids removed. Looking at your CT you may need a C1 shave as well to relieve the compression on the C1 process. Doctors don’t agree on whether shaving the C1 can worsen instability, and also some doctors believe that removing the styloids can as well, but the doctors very experienced with VES disagree. Members have mixed opinions too…
You might find a couple of videos which members have posted here helpful by Dr Costantino & Dr Aghayev:
Dr Costantino IJV compression and surgery - Symptoms and Treatments / Doctor Information - Living with Eagle
A Review Of IJV Compression by Dr Aghayev - General / Research Papers - Living with Eagle
You could ask to be put on a cancellation list for Dr Hepworth, but I guess if you have to fly it probably won’t be easy to go at short notice… As well as Dr Hepworth and Dr Nakaji, the other experienced VES doctors we know of are Dr Costantino in NY, Dr Cognetti in PA, and Dr Lui in NJ. None nearer you obviously, but some might have shorter waiting times, I’m not sure.
Obviously we can’t say for sure whether the IJV compression is the cause of your symptoms, but other members have experienced these.
It sounds like the testing you’ve had done so far could well be enough for Dr Hepworth, Dr Nakaji does like people to have a CT venogram with pressure testing manometry as well. Not many places do this so you might not get that done locally if this is what you want to have done, there are risks though, so I wouldn’t rush into it…
There’s more detailed info about treatments which can help- there are some medications like anti-coagulants which can make the head pressure symptoms easier, sleeping propped up can help, icing as well. Here’s a link:
ES Information- Treatment: Pain Relief, Medications and Alternative Therapies - Welcome / Newbies Guide to Eagle Syndrome - Living with Eagle

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Welcome to our forum, @biggfish02! I’m sorry for all you’ve been through & the ways you’ve been dismissed, & confused by medical people who should be able to help you! Sadly, Mayo has gotten a bad rap from many of our members over the years. You’d think a medical institution with as good a reputation as Mayo has, would at least have a clue about ES, but most of the Mayo Clinics in the US have medical staff that seem ignorant of ES.

I definitely think your symptoms could be related to your IJV compression. Your IJV is VERY FLAT! It appears to me that only C1 & your styloid are involved. The TP of C2 doesn’t look to be causing any compression in the picture you posted.

Your body has also developed quite a network of collateral veins to try to help your right IJV drain blood & toxins from your brain. Since the collaterals are doing work they’re not meant to do, they often cause occipital pain at the back, base of the skull. It can be very debilitating as well.

You also have a funky little bony looking thing growing toward the tip of your right styloid. I suppose it could be an artifact in the imaging, but if it’s not, it shouldn’t be there.

The right greater horn of your hyoid bone looks like it could be in contact w/ your right carotid artery though I can’t tell from the little I can see of the carotid whether it’s the internal, external or common carotid. Bony contact w/ the carotids doesn’t always cause compression. It can simply cause irritation which can cause symptoms similar to compression like pain along the length of the carotid, visual changes, tingling on one side of the body, feeling like you’re going to pass out, & headaches. I’m telling you this because we do have a few members who have both IJV & carotid involvement causing their vascular symptoms, along w/ nerve pain from the elongated styloid(s).

I’ve annotated your picture below. Dr. Hepworth is worth the wait (he did an IJV decompression surgery w/ a revision styloidectomy for me in 2024), & as @Jules said, asking to be put on his cancellation list has helped some of our members get their appointments moved forward significantly - that goes for both the initial consult & for surgery.

As far as we know, Drs. Nakaji, Lui & Costantino don’t have as long wait times as do Drs. Hepworth & Cognetti.

Thank you for all the info and I appreciate that medication list. Always looking for something to trial and perhaps I will post everything I have tried to this point.

As far as sleeping upright, a wedge pillow has been a bit of a catch 22 for me. While I feel like it slightly lowers my head vibrations, I find that it makes the vibrations shift more to my extremities and lower body. Not sure what that is about. Zero gravity chair and recliner didn’t work at all. But I’ve had the feeling, since my symptoms first started, that something was happening at night to make me worse. Now I realize it’s those veins getting crushed when I’m lying flat. Doctors, of course, just looked at me like I was crazy when I tried to explain this.

Thank you for the input. I’m definitely more scared to get the C1 shaved but ultimately I just need some relief.

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Thank you for the notes on my image. Very helpful. I too noticed that weird bone near the tip of the styloid. Wonder if Dr. Hepworth will know/care what is going on there.

For now I think I’ll stick with Dr. Hepworth if for no other reason than it’s a fairly short drive (10 hours) to get home or to get back to see him for follow-ups. From what I hear, most people trust him with the C1 shave and he does everything he can to avoid it.

Do you have any thoughts on what is happening to the IJV above the C1? While it looks most flat at the tip of the C1, it also looks flat all the way above that to the base of the skull. Is that normal, or is it the styloid that is compressing it up there?

I had a chiropractor, who looked at my DMX, say something about the space between my mandible and my spine being the narrowest he has ever seen. He wants me to start working on a posture with my jaw forward, which seems to feel good when I do it, but my neck is so guarded right now any change in posture causes spasms.

That same chiropractor wants me to come in for positional ultrasounds to figure out what postures/positions will open up that carotid sheath space.

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It sounds like your chiro knows what they’re doing? We have a research paper written by a member with advice for chiros/ physios etc which might be helpful to show your chiro:
WESTBROOK et al. (2020) - Eagle’s syndrome, elongated styloid process and new evidence for pre-manipulative precautions for potential cervical arterial dysfunction – Doctor info and research article - General / Research Papers - Living with Eagle

It looks like the IJV is being flattened by the styloid, but possibly opens up right at the skull base, but you can’t tell for sure from the imaging- I think if you were to have axial images & go through them following the IJV from the skull base downwards it might give a bit more clarity, tricky to get the right slices though!

I noticed that too but presumed it was an artefact, worth asking about though @biggfish02
I’m sorry that sleeping more upright hasn’t resolved those vibration symptoms… if it’s vagus nerve related then some members have found having a cold shower calms things down, have you tried that at all?
Cold showers - General - Living with Eagle

@biggfish02 - I agree w/ @Jules that it appears your IJV is being squashed by your styloid above C1 & then by C1 lower down. Dr. Hepworth is a pretty meticulous diagnostician, often seeing things other doctors & radiologists miss. I expect he won’t be dismissive of the odd ball bone near the tip of your styloid if it isn’t an artifact. He’ll probably remove it during your surgery if you do have surgery with him.

Your chiropractor sounds pretty amazing! Nice that (s)he seems quite knowledgeable about the area of concern in your body at the moment. Postural changes, especially restoration of the lordotic curve in C1, have helped reduce symptoms for some of our members. The exercises to that end need to be done gently & painlessly, otherwise, it’s better to wait until the styloid resection/IJV decompression is done to start them. Here’s a link to get you started:

You can Google exercises to stimulate the vagus nerve as there are others besides cold showers :cold_face: like humming & singing, but variety is the spice of life & you may find cold showers are the most helpful for you. :blush:

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@Isaiah_40_31 Can I ask why you offered exercises to help stimulate the vagus nerve? What did this individual say to make you think they have a problem with it? I’m asking because I also suffer from internal vibrations (and extreme anxiety) and I’m wondering what is causing this.

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@Isaiah_40_31 I was curious about the yellow arrow, so I ran the image through AI asking what they yellow arrow is pointing to and it stated:

The image shows a classic presentation of Eagle Syndrome (specifically a vascular/segmented variant). The long bone coming down is the styloid process, and the yellow arrow is pointing to a calcified (hardened) piece of the stylohyoid ligament that has broken into a separate segment. Because it is segmented rather than a smooth, continuous bone, it is kinked and dangling at an unnatural, odd angle.

This rigid bone fragment is pointing directly into the ultra-tight neurovascular corridor of the neck. It is aiming right between the Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) and the Carotid Artery.

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This could be correct but I’m not sure. My radiology report noted calcified stylohyoid on the left side, but on this right side it only mentioned styloid. But the AI might be onto something.

I can pull up some other angles and see if I can find anything.

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Thank you for being one of our more techy research members, @MGORNEAU. The AI response could absolutely be possible. Craziness goes on in our necks where ES is involved!!

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@Veganchrissy - It was actually @Jules who brought up the vagus nerve as a possible link to the vibrations. The reason she likely suspects it is because the IJV, ICA & vagus nerve are all bundled together inside the carotid sheath which exits the skull at the base of the styloid. I’m not sure of the order of things in the carotid sheath, but it’s very common for the vagus nerve to suffer compression when the IJV is compressed. The vagus when distressed can cause all manner of awful symptoms in our bodies. I don’t know for sure that the vibrations are one of them, but they certainly could be.

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@biggfish02 -

It would be great to see some other angles. From the front would be helpful & seeing your left sagittal image would be too.

Revisiting your very compressed IJV above C1, besides the styloid, there could be soft tissues such as fascia, scar tissue, or a lymph node helping w/ the compression opposite the styloid since it’s obviously being squashed from both sides.

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Hi, just to give a little more context. I have vibrations that I’m sure started in my head/ears but now are full body.

At first, I only noticed it when putting my head on my pillow at night. I have had doctors guess that it’s tensor timpani spasms, brain stem irritation, vagus nerve irritation or just anxiety.

While my vibrations could be from the vagus nerve, I believe I am hearing a high pressure or rushing pulsatile tinnitus as the blood tries to squeeze through those crushed veins that run right by the ear. This noise runs 24/7 at the same fast rhythm and never stops. I also have a slower oscillation type rhythm that I can hear 24/7 like a metronome but it is slower than my heart rate but has a pulsatile feeling to it. I believe this could be pressured cerebral spinal fluid trying to force its way through the compressed area. Of course, I could be wrong and so far the doctors have no idea what I am talking about.

As far as the vagus nerve… I will say that I went to a long covid doctor before I knew what was going on with my jugulars and he was doing an ultrasound of my neck for an SGB injection. During the procedure, he stopped and pointed to the screen and showed me my vagus nerve. He said it was brighter than it should be, which likely meant it was inflamed. He told me he is seeing this in about 80% of his long covid patients, but it doesn’t prove long covid, nor did I have a covid infection prior to symptoms. I definitely had a neck injury prior to symptoms though.

I 100% think my vagus nerve is contributing to my symptoms because my nervous system has gone from normal to completely haywire seemingly overnight. Massive anxiety, inability to tolerate any stress or exertion, rapid onset of insomnia (with normal sleep study), etc.

When I googled “inflamed vagus nerve” it did mention long covid as a cause but also neck compression. In my case, I believe it is much more likely that my vagus nerve, which runs right through the same carotid sheath that is being compressed, is being constantly irritated by the surrounding structures.

I have tried a vagus nerve ear stimulator as well as humming and other things, but none have helped.

When I first started feeling sick and not sleeping, I bought a smart watch to monitor my HRV and my HRV has been stuck in the mid to low 20s for two years. It kept telling me every morning that I was overtraining and needed to rest, even though I did no activity the day before. I have tried various things to get that number to come up, but nothing has worked so far.

I haven’t tried consistent cold showers or intense exercise but no other vagus nerve calming things or supplements have seemed to help.

I did a short trial course of Tizanidine and it was the only thing that bumped my HRV up into the 40s on an immediate and consistent basis. However, I felt no difference in symptoms or recovery so I decided to stop taking it.

I also have vagus nerve hydrodissection done during my ePICL and PRP procedure, but so far no help :frowning:

I will do a further write up on all of the medications I have trialed in case that’s helpful to anyone. For example, I tried a higher dose extended release Ambien and it literally did nothing. I still woke up at 4 am every single night I took it. But I have found other medications do a better job of supporting my sleep, even though I don’t take any on a regular basis.

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I had heart rate & blood pressure symptoms related to my vagus nerve from my elongated styloids. I was a long distance runner when diagnosed & worked w/ a trainer in a gym. When I did hard anaerobic exercise, my blood pressure would drop & my heart would go crazy trying to give my brain the oxygen it needed. I’d feel like I was going to pass out (but never did). It took me a while to figure out what was happening. For the most part, I don’t have that problem anymore but I hike now instead of run. If I push myself hard & fast up a steep hill, I’ll still get a negative vagal response but it only lasts a few seconds. It’s a relief to now understand what the cause is.

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